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Protestantism spreading through Europe into Scotland coincided with English and French attempts to influence Scotland. The failure of the Rough Wooing led to Mary becoming Queen of France.

Mary returned to Scotland in 1561 after the death of Francois. She married twice more and was implicated in the murder of her second husband, Lord Darnley. Civil war forced Mary to flee to England.

James’ minority was presided over by Regents Moray, Lennox, Mar and finally Morton, before James himself took control in the 1580s. He often clashed with churchmen over his authority over the Church.

The Reformation had a considerable social, economic and political impact on Scotland. There was an attempt to improve the lives of the poor and to open new markets for trade.