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One of the most neglected areas of academic research into the media is that of radio audience behavior. In the second post from one of our funded project partners, Lyn Thomas from London Metropolitan University examines the online behavior of fans of Â鶹¹ÙÍøÊ×Ò³Èë¿Ú Radio 4's The Archers.

Brendan

The sample of online fans that responded to the online questionnaire was predominantly female (76%), white British (81%) and aged 40-59 (62%). Despite stories reflecting the multicultural nature of British society, online fan cultures around The Archers remain white spaces. The level of education was very high indeed - 74% have been through Higher Education. The Archers is unique among British soap operas in attracting this middle-class, highly educated demographic, and the Â鶹¹ÙÍøÊ×Ò³Èë¿Ú Archers website has reinforced this effect. It provides a space for keen listeners to keep up with the programme and exchange views with others. Catching up with the programme via Listen Again, podcasts or synopses is the most popular use of the site. The weekly vote - which significantly is easily accessed from the home page - is also popular. For some, the website provides a visual accompaniment to the programme.

Only a third of our respondents said that they used the Â鶹¹ÙÍøÊ×Ò³Èë¿Ú Archers messageboards, which nonetheless were the most active of all the Archers fan sites we mapped. The Facebook Archers Appreciation group is also growing rapidly and has over 2000 members and a younger demographic. We found much less activity on most of the independent fan sites, with the exception of the 'umra' usenet group, which has about 100 regular posters (posting mainly on topics other than the programme). The official fan club site, the '' has a faithful group of around 20 posters.

For some, the Â鶹¹ÙÍøÊ×Ò³Èë¿Ú messageboards are an important social network, and they can be a lifeline. They can also intensify the pleasures of the programme by providing a 'double dose soap' in the form of the messageboard 'characters' and their exchanges. Some of the posters on the Â鶹¹ÙÍøÊ×Ò³Èë¿Ú Discuss The Archers board negotiate the apparent contradiction between their middle-class cultural status and soap opera fandom by adopting ironic or even 'anti-fan' postures, while others are more celebratory. This clash of different versions of fandom, or 'fan-tagonisms' is, however, typical of fan cultures generally, and by stimulating discussion, it contributes to the liveliness of the boards. Those who find the discussion 'too critical', too fast-moving or intense, migrate to other online spaces such as the 'Archers Addicts' or the Facebook Archers Appreciation group. It's possible that if the Â鶹¹ÙÍøÊ×Ò³Èë¿Ú Archers site provided an alternative, easily accessed space, with a lighter kind of discussion, they might find their way there. The presence of the host 'Mr Keri' on the Â鶹¹ÙÍøÊ×Ò³Èë¿Ú boards and the sense of connection with the programme and the producers that this provides make the posters feel at home and 'listened to'.

The online discussions provide a space in which very detailed visualisations of characters and scenes can be developed, shared and compared. Comparing imagined versions of characters or scenes permits multiple interpretations, in contrast to the threatening closure of photographs of actors (which in the case of The Archers, listeners frequently refuse to look at). In this way, the messageboards extend the openness of radio, by providing a space where new meanings and stories can be generated by listeners, and where the imaginative work of listening can, in some measure, be captured.

The Archers has a unique relationship with its audience because of the fact that many have been listening since childhood. The culture of the programme and of many of the online websites we analysed is one of femininity, which of course does not prevent a minority of men from participating. However, for the mainly female fans, narratives emphasising the capacity to repair relationships and the role of community in supporting vulnerable individuals are likely to be pleasurable.

The 'anti-fan' and ironic fan postures adopted by some Â鶹¹ÙÍøÊ×Ò³Èë¿Ú messageboard posters can lead to a strongly critical tone which those involved in the programme's production may, quite understandably, find undermining at times. However, our research shows both that the messageboard posters are a minority, even among online fans, and that these kinds of engagements are typical of fan cultures more broadly, particularly in online spaces. We would recommend that these discussions, like the website as a whole, be seen as a successful adjunct to the programme - a sign of, and opportunity for passionate investment in the programme by some listeners. They also indicate that The Archers is part of a changing context where new technologies are blurring the boundaries between cultural producers and consumers. Fan cultures, as the independent development of the Facebook site attests, have their own modalities and conventions, and cannot be predicted or indeed controlled.

Lyn Thomas is the Deputy Director of the Institute for the Study of European Transformations, London Metropolitan University. Her paper forms part of the output from a collaborative research team funded through the AHRC/Â鶹¹ÙÍøÊ×Ò³Èë¿Ú Knowledge Exchange Programme. Details of a parallel study into the fan cultures of Radio 2 listeners by Bethany Klein from University of Leeds can be found on the Radiolabs blog. The full AHRC/Â鶹¹ÙÍøÊ×Ò³Èë¿Ú KEP report includes contributions from Tim Wall & Andrew Dubber (Birmingham City University) and Matt Hills (Cardiff University) and further examines the fan cultures of Archers listeners as well as the online communities built around personality DJs and specialist music. The report can be found here.

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Claire Wardle is one of the academic project partners from Â鶹¹ÙÍøÊ×Ò³Èë¿Ú Nations & Regions' collaboration with Cardiff University examining the way that the Â鶹¹ÙÍøÊ×Ò³Èë¿Ú uses user generated content. Below she shares her views on how she feels the research project went and her current attachment with the Â鶹¹ÙÍøÊ×Ò³Èë¿Ú's English Regions New Media team. A copy of the research paper Claire produced with her colleague Andrew Williams can be found here and Claire can be contacted via Cardiff University's

Brendan

"In July 2007 I started running one of the AHRC/Â鶹¹ÙÍøÊ×Ò³Èë¿Ú projects. It was focused on User Generated Content in the news. I say focused but it felt quite the opposite. We were researching radio, television and online newsrooms across England and Wales, as well as Network newsrooms. We interviewed 115 journalists and 10 senior managers, undertook a nationally representative survey to find out who actually submits UGC, placed an online survey on the Â鶹¹ÙÍøÊ×Ò³Èë¿Ú website and organised and ran 12 focus groups to find out why people submit, but also the barriers which prevent others from contributing. It was a year-long project which produced a huge amount of data, and proved to be the first significant study of UGC at a broadcast organisation.

The report was finished in September and can be downloaded here.

That's when things got interesting. Disseminating research is always a significant challenge, but in an organisation the size of the Â鶹¹ÙÍøÊ×Ò³Èë¿Ú, even more tricky. So we arranged a 6 month secondment and I'm now based in Birmingham working with the English Regions New Media team.

This for me is what knowledge exchange is all about. I've been here 2 months so far and I've already had so many informal conversations with people from all over the Â鶹¹ÙÍøÊ×Ò³Èë¿Ú about the research, whether it's over coffee, or at after work drinks when someone says 'what do you do?' or being put in contact with someone through someone else.... I'm learning an enormous amount and hopefully my in-depth knowledge of the research is more useful than a 60 page report lying on a desk, marked 'to read'.

Â鶹¹ÙÍøÊ×Ò³Èë¿Ú Local is currently going through big changes. There is a roll-out of newly designed and I'm able to work with the team to find ways of managing UGC and making it easier for audiences to contact the newsrooms. Perhaps more importantly, I'm working on building 'community' on the local sites. Looking at excellent examples from the States particularly in terms of web 2.0 initiatives, I'm working with the team to see how we can build some new and exciting tools into the websites as they are rolled out. It's fascinating to be working in a new environment, but on a personal level, it feels such a luxury to be able to just spend time thinking, researching and attempting to make change come about. I'd recommend this way of exchanging knowledge over all others.

Claire"

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